a Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda. E-mail:
mrc@starcom.co.ugb Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 29: Pages 911-915, 30 October 2000.
a Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda. E-mail: mrc@starcom.co.ug
b Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
Objective To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and HIV sero-positivity in a rural Ugandan population.
Methods The adult population residing in a cluster of 15 neighbouring villages has been kept under epidemiological surveillance for HIV infection using annual censuses and sero-surveys since 1989. At the eighth annual survey all respondents were asked about their history of alcohol consumption, the sale of alcohol in their household, and other socio-demographic information. After informedconsent, blood was drawn for HIV serology.
Results Of the total adult population 3279 (60%) were interviewed; 48% were males; 905 (27%) had not started sexual activity and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 2374, 8% were HIV infected, 57% had ever drunk alcohol, and 4% lived in households where alcohol was sold. Living in a household where alcohol was sold was associated with a history of having ever drunk alcohol (OR 2.9, 95% CI : 1.7-4.8). HIV prevalence among adults living in households selling alcohol was 15% compared with 8% among those living in households not selling alcohol (OR 2.0, 95% CI : 1.1-3.6). Individuals who had ever drunk alcohol experienced an HIV prevalence twice that of those who had never drunk, 10% versus 5% (OR 2.0, 95% CI : 1.5-2.8). This association remained after adjusting for potential confounders including sale of alcohol in the household and Muslim religion (OR 1.8, 95% CI : 1.2-2.7). Only age, marital status and having ever drunk alcohol independently predicted HIV sero-positivity in a logistic regression model.
Conclusions We have demonstrated an association between a history of alcohol consumption and being HIV sero-positive. This unexplored factor may explain in part the observed lower prevalence of HIV infection among Muslims. Public health campaigns need to stress the relationship between HIV and alcohol.
Keywords Uganda, alcohol, HIV, epidemiology, rural, Muslim
Accepted 17 April 2000
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