Female Genital Mutilation
Culture
Medical Society Statements
- World Medical Association. Statement on Condemnation of Female Genital
Mutilation, Adopted by the 45th World Medical Assembly,
Budapest, Hungary, October 1993.
- American Medical Association, Council on Scientific
Affairs, Report 5 (I-94): Female Genital
Mutilation, Chicago, 1994.
- Commitee on Medical Ethics. Guidance for doctors approached by victims
of female genital mutilation. London: British Medical
Association, 1996.
- Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Female Genital Mutilation (RE9749).
Pediatrics 1998; 102(1):153-156.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Female Circumcision/Female Genital
Mutilation (FC/FGM) Fact Sheet.
Links to Organizations
Some Scholarly Journal Articles On The Internet
- Pieters G, Lowenfels AB. Infibulation in the horn of
Africa. N Y State Med J 1977;77(5):729-731.
- Hrdy DB. Cultural
practices contributing to the transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Rev Infect Dis
1987;9(6):1109-19.
- Mohamed Badawi. Epidemiology of female sexual castration in
Cairo, Egypt. Presented at The First International
Symposium on Circumcision, Anaheim, California, March 1-2,
1989.
- Fran P. Hosken. Female genital mutilation: strategies for
eradication. Presented at The First International
Symposium on Circumcision, Anaheim, California, March 1-2,
1989.
- Lightfoot-Klein, H. The sexual adjustment of genitally
circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan. J
Sex Res 1989;26(3):375-392.
- Lightfoot-Klein H, Shaw E. Special needs of
ritually circumcised women patients. JOGNN
1991;20(2):102-107.
- Dirie MA, Lindmark G. The risk of medical
complications after female circumcision. East Afr
Med J 1992;69(9):479-482.
- Menage J. Post-traumatic stress
disorder in women who have undergone obstetric and/or
gynaecological procedures. Journal of Reproductive
and Infant Psychology 1993; 11:221-228.
- Hanny Lightfoot-Klein. Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female
Genital Mutilation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Male Neonatal
Circumcision in the United States: a Brief Report
Updated. Presented at The Third International Symposium
on Circumcision, University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland May 22-25, 1994.
- Black JA, DeBelle GD. Female genital mutilation in Britain.
BMJ 1995;310:1590-1592.
- Gallard C. Female genital mutlation in France.
BMJ 1995;310:1592-1593.
- Meniru GI, Meniru MO, Ezeh UO. Female genital mutilation. BMJ
1995;311:1088.
- Menage J. Professionals should not collude with
abusive systems. BMJ 1995;311:1088-1089.
- Hamilton J. UN condemns female circumcision.
BMJ 1997;314:1145.
- Brady M. Female
genital mutilation: complications and risk of HIV
transmission. Aids Patient Care STDS
1999;13(12):709-16.
- Ciment J. Senegal outlaws female genital
mutilation. BMJ 1999;318:348.
- Abboud P, Christian Quereux C, et al. Stronger campaign needed to end female
genital mutilation. BMJ 2000;320:1153.
- Welch J. Caring for Women with Circumcision: A
Technical Manual for Health Care Providers. BMJ
2000;320:1481.
- News. Concern mounts over female genital
mutilation. BMJ 2000;321:2.
- Scherf C. Women in Africa have many other problems
besides genital mutilation. BMJ
2000;321:570.
- Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin. Male genital mutilation in any society is
surely abhorrent too. BMJ 2000;321:570.
Some Law Resources on the Internet
- Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act
1985, United Kingdom
- Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the
Attorney-General, prepared by the Family Law Council
June 1994 (Australia).
- Criminalization of Female Genital
Mutilation Act. Pub. L. No. 104-208, § 645, 110
Stat. 3009, 3009-708 (1996) 18 U.S.C. 116. (United
States)
- Prohibition of female genital mutilation
act, New South Wales, Australia
- Section 268, Criminal Code of Canada,
1997.
- Abbie J. Chessler. Justifying the
Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong, 45 Buffalo L. Rev. 555
(1997).
- Doriane Lambelet Coleman, The Seattle Compromise: Multicultural
Sensitivity and Americanization, 47 DUKE L.J. 717, 739 (1998).
- Dena S. Davis. Male
and Female Genital Alteration: A Collision Course with the
Law? 11 Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine 487
(2001).
- Christine Mason. Exorcising excision:
medico-legal issues arising from male and female genital
surgery in Australia, 9 J Law Med 58 (2001).
International Human Rights Instruments
Bibliographies
Female Circumcision in the United States
- Dawson BE. Circumcision in the female: Its necessity
and how to perform it. American J Clin Med
1915;22(6):520-523.
- McDonald CF. Circumcision in the female. GP
1958;XVIII(3):98-99.
- Rathman WG. Female circumcision: Indications and a new
technique. GP 1959;XX(3):115-120.
- Duffy J. Clitoridectomy: A nineteeth century answer
to masturbation. Presented at The First International
Symposium on Circumcision, Anaheim, California, March 1-2,
1989.
- Linda Burstyn. Female circumcision comes to America.
The Atlantic Monthly 1996;276(4):28-35.
- Celia Dugger. Congress bans genital
rite. New York Times, October 12, 1996: A1.
- Christopher Baughman. Doctors Testifies Surgeon
Secretly Circumcised Woman. The Advocate, Baton
Rouge, October 30, 1996.
- Barbara Crossette. Mutilation Seen as Risk
for the Girls of Immigrants. The New York Times,
March 23, 1998.
- Michelle Milholland. Woman circumcised by
ex-husband awarded $35,000. The Advocate, Baton
Rouge, 10 April 2001: 1B-2B.
(File revised 1 October 2003)
http://www.cirp.org/pages/female/